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Greetings can be viewed: The gifter in the ancient Chinese giftsPreparation Author: Li Zhishu
Source: “Original Dao” No. 38, edited by Chen Ming and Zhu Han, Hunan Major Study Club published a book in August 2020
Of course, the real boss would not let this happen. While she was in the fight, she: Confucius was the 11th day of the Xuanyue of Gengzi in the 2570s. Guimao
� Gifts can be viewed, which means that the establishment of the gift system has set up the “presentation” of third parties such as divine spirits, guests, children, and even karma.
“Third party” is the preset of the viewer, so that the gift has the effect of “viewing” and “observing”. The “view” in the gift system is to form a certain level of role-playing and complication in the gift practice and demonstration due to the “viewing and being viewed” treatment relationship.
In the practice of the gift, the predecessors often imagined how the later son Sun treated his current behavior, imagined how his behavior left traces and reactions in the consciousness of later generations, and hoped to achieve eternity and immortality. When guests participate in the ceremony, they seem to enter the playground. The main guests are having a slut and a slut, watching each other and learning from each other.
In the middle and late years, with the rise of Confucianism, Confucius was used as the middle to form a professional worship group. Previous exhibitions were mostly divided into main party and restaurant party, with the expression of components, location and meaning, and the visual manifestation and verification are needed. The entire ceremony is combined into a whole, and is viewed for display and given magical power.
Keywords: Ancient China; the gift of the gift; the way of the gift
“Tender Notes·Fang Notes” writes Confucius: “Sweet wine is in the room, and the wine is in the hall. I am a clear wine, which shows that the people are not lustful. Three corpses drink, and one corpse drink, which shows that the people are of high or low. Because of their wine and meat, they gather their clans to teach people to be harmonious and harmonious. Therefore, the upper part of the hall is in the room and the lower part of the hall is in the upper part.”
When commemorating, the gifts are circling and bowing, the gifts are pious and kind, and the gifts are in the guise. Through the public display, they have the functions of “teaching respect”, “showing respect but not lust”, “showing high and low”, “showing peace and harmony”.
The viewing room in the hall and under the hall, a hierarchical structure for viewing is formed. The public display of gifts, gifts, and gifts in a specific space has set the viewer’s presence. 上海期 dcard also creates a public gift space through the viewer’s preset.
“In the hallPurchaseFocusWatch the room and the bottom of the hall and the top”, not only visual view, but also through “view”, it can create a harmonious atmosphere of “gifting the throne, laughing the throne” through “viewing”.
Shen Chong, a native of Liang Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty, said: “Those who are in the hall, look at the people in the room to learn from the example. People in the hall think it is the reason why they look at the people in the hall. The words are more consistent with each other. “The corpse is inside the room, representing the spirit of the ancestors; the master is in the hall, and the leader of the clan; the descendants of the clan are in the hall.
The master follows the deceased ancestors, which means the expression of contribution and the inheritance of power for generations; and the descendants of the clan follow the eldest son and are invited by friends at the last moment. It plays the role of receiving clan sects. Here, it can be seen that the meaning of giving The meaning of “view” contains rich political, religious and civilized meanings.
“view” in ancient China’s gifts was a common phenomenon and rich content. Fu Daobin studied the “view” in the poem pointed out that the “what was viewed in the pre-Qin period was either a total body, or a sympathy, or an observation of the customs and will of a country or individual, or Baosheng Sweetheart Network is a serious matter combining art and aesthetic appreciation that combines gift activities.
“Guliangye·The Five Years of King Kong”: “Common things are called vision, and very much is about viewing. “The “view” in the gift system is not only a biological view, but also a certain level of role-playing and commonality is formed in the gift system because of the relationship between “viewing” and “observation”.
In terms of “viewing” objects and classification, Teacher Fu teaches the teacher first. But deeply reminds the gift system of “viewing” The meaning is not yet seen. “View” has an incomparable importance in Chinese civilization, which is said to “view geography to observe changes in time, and observe humanities to transform into the whole country.”
Greetings use virtue, gifts to observe ambition, gifts to observe destiny, gifts to observe politics, gifts to display the expression of concepts of tradition and composition, and the feeling of expression of tradition and ritualsBaobao.comEmotional expression, gift display and destiny prediction, gift demonstration and public concept expression are all series of questions that need to be carefully explored. Due to the space purpose, this article importantly discusses “who is watching”, that is, the presenter in the practice of gifts.
1. “Viewing” of the Spirit
The worship of the gods was the main worship of the Shang and Zhou dynasties. The emperor or the heavens were high and the heavens were in the sky, and the blessings of the people were all within his supervision.
“Shangshu·Gaozong Tongri”: “Only the heavens were guarding the heavens. “Shang Shu·Weizi”: “Supremembering Yin Gong.”Shangshu·Kang’s Sutra”: “I am not successful and I am not in a position of punishment… I am happy and the heavens will punish me. I don’t blame me, but I am guilty of being guilty of being guilty. ”
The heavenly prisons bring blessings, so if you do things, you will not be afraid of the reactions of heaven. “Pen·Xiaoya·Xiaoming”: “It is clear that the heaven is coming to heaven, and it is illuminating the earth. “The Great Eye: Emperor”: “The Emperor is God, and there is a great man below. Watching the world, you can’t find it easy to get to. “God conceals people, and their actions and blessings are closely related to them.
In the Shang and Zhou dynasties, it is believed that there is a royal court in the world that exists in heaven, and there is also a heavenly court with emperors or gods as important gods, and the emperor has emperor envoys and ministers. Feng, rain, thunder and lightning and ancestor gods are both gods in the heaven, and they come to the six worlds as messengers.
The messengers include ancestor gods and heavenly gods. The coming between the emperor and the humans is mostly carried by the messenger. The emperor or heaven can monitor the blessings of people, and the ancestor gods of the royal court and the envoy of heaven are as conspicuous as the ancestor gods of the royal court and the heavenly messenger, and bless them.
The ancestor gods of the emperor are particularly important. “Big Ya King Wen”: “King Wen is above, and he is in heaven. “The bronze inscription “Tiande Gui”: “The King Wen is in charge, and the king is in charge of the emperor. “As the body of the ancestor, the god of the ancestor, he was in the heavenly court, and went to the heavenly people to monitor what heirs did.
The divine spirit can not only be in the high heaven, but also be with people and participate in or watch the gift activities between people.
“Shangshu·Jianming” reads the ceremony of King Kang ascended the throne after King Cheng ascended the throne. The meetings at the ceremony were set: Xixudong’s Sutra, Dong’s The seat facing west and west and south, and the seat facing west and south, formed an empty “sitting on all sides” in cooperation with the seat, which restored the scene of King Cheng’s handling of the government during his lifetime.
The seat of King Cheng’s “sitting on all sides” ensured that King Cheng’s gods were present. Although King Cheng died, he did not “attend” in terms of symbolic meaning, but “watched” the entire ceremony of King Kang’s ascendance. The spirit participated in the actual ceremony as a “viewer” and participated in the actual ceremony. , let the gift